Summerise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summerise - Essay Example The main propagator of this flow also demand some balance of skills by individuals using the web as well as the intensity and the presence of the technology that individuals use. The paper has also been able to examine motivation behind the use of interactive media. Some of the motivations that have been identified to include; approaches that the users of the web have as well as the amount of the usage. The discussion reveals the properties that are seen to fundamentally determine the motivation, where they have been categorized as either intrinsic or extrinsic It is important that before companies decide to use these networks in their businesses and to ensure that the flow is not interrupted, the companies need to set clear objective for the sites. These objectives should mirror the intensions and desires that the consumers harbor for the use of the site. Use of marketing in the interactive media is influenced by the ease of the use of that media. It is this aspect of the media that usually influence the decision of such

Porter’s Five Forces Model Essay Example for Free

Porter’s Five Forces Model Essay Porter’s five forces model helps in accessing where the power lies in a business situation. Porter’s Model is actually a business strategy tool that helps in analyzing the attractiveness in an industry structure. It let you access current strength of your competitive position and the strength of the position that you are planning to attain. Porters Model is considered an important part of planning tool set. When you’re clear about where the power lies, you can take advantage of your strengths and can improve the weaknesses and can compete efficiently and effectively. Porters model of competitive forces assumes that there are five competitive forces that identifies the competitive power in a business situation. These five competitive forces identified by the Michael Porter are: 1. Threat of substitute products 2. Threat of new entrants 3. Intense rivalry among existing players 4. Bargaining power of suppliers 5. Bargaining power of Buyers 1. Threat of substitute products Threat of substitute products means how easily your customers can switch to your competitors product. Threat of substitute is high when: * There are many substitute products available * Customer can easily find the product or service that you’re offering at the same or less price * Quality of the competitors’ product is better * Substitute product is by a company earning high profits so can reduce prices to the lowest level. In the above mentioned situations, Customer can easily switch to substitute products. So substitutes are a threat to your company. When there are actual and potential substitute products available then segment is unattractive. Profits and prices are effected by substitutes so, there is need to closely monitor price trends. In substitute industries, if competition rises or technology modernizes then prices and profits decline. 2. Threat of new entrants A new entry of a competitor into your market also weakens your power. Threat of new entry depends upon entry and exit barriers. Threat of new entry is high when: * Capital requirements to start the business are less * Few economies of scale are in place * Customers can easily switch (low switching cost) * Your key technology is not hard to acquire or isn’t protected well * Your product is not differentiated There is variation in attractiveness of segment depending upon entry and exit barriers. That segment is more attractive which has high entry barriers and low exit barriers. Some new firms enter into industry and low performing companies leave the market easily. When both entry and exit barriers are high then profit margin is also high but companies face more risk because poor performance companies stay in and fight it out. When these barriers are low then firms easily enter and exit the industry, profit is low. The worst condition is when entry barriers are low and exit barriers are high then in good times firms enter and it become very difficult to exit in bad times. 3. Industry Rivalry Industry rivalry mean the intensity of competition among the existing competitors in the market. Intensity of rivalry depends on the number of competitors and their capabilities. Industry rivalry is high when: * There are number of small or equal competitors and less when there’s a clear market leader. * Customers have low switching costs * Industry is growing * Exit barriers are high and rivals stay and compete * Fixed cost are high resulting huge production and reduction in prices These situations make the reasons for advertising wars, price wars, modifications, ultimately costs increase and it is difficult to compete. 4. Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining Power of supplier means how strong is the position of a seller. How much your supplier have control over increasing the Price of  supplies. Suppliers are more powerful when * Suppliers are concentrated and well organized * a few substitutes available to supplies * Their product is most effective or unique * Switching cost, from one suppliers to another, is high * You are not an important customer to Supplier When suppliers have more control over supplies and its prices that segment is less attractive. It is best way to make win-win relation with suppliers. It’s good idea to have multi-sources of supply. 5. Bargaining power of Buyers Bargaining Power of Buyers means, How much control the buyers have to drive down your products price, Can they work together in ordering large volumes. Buyers have more bargaining power when: * Few buyers chasing too many goods * Buyer purchases in bulk quantities * Product is not differentiated * Buyer’s cost of switching to a competitors’ product is low * Shopping cost is low * Buyers are price sensitive * Credible Threat of integration Buyer’s bargaining power may be lowered down by offering differentiated product. If you’re serving a few but huge quantity ordering buyers, then they have the power to dictate you. Michael Porters five forces model provides useful input for SWOT Analysis and is considered as a strong tool for industry competitive analysis.

Identified Entities And Their Attributes Information Technology Essay

Identified Entities And Their Attributes Information Technology Essay Late Travel has inaugurated a new travelling business between the airport and the lost town. The travelling options they offer can either their own chauffeured car or a coach service. A database is designed to assist the administration of this new service. The database contains the information pertaining to staff information, customer information, car or couch availability, customer journey and payment details etc. An E-R model is developed based on the above case study and it is normalised into 3NF. A relational database based on the normalised E-R model is produced which demonstrate that your database stores the required data and relationship between different entities. Table of Contents Table of Figures ER Model: conceptual model and logical models Entity relationship model is a database modelling method used to represent the conceptual data. Conceptual data model is prepared when an information system is based on a database, which at the later stage is mapped to logical data model such as relational model which is in turn mapped to the physical model. Identified Entities and their Attributes An entity has a distinct existence which is uniquely identified. An entity can be a house, employee or a car. Entities are described by a set of properties called attributes. Each entity must have the values for its attributes which is uniquely identifiable from other entities in a particular entity set. Following are the entities and its attributes for the Late Travel (LT). Below are the Entities (customer, employee and booking) and there attributes. Attributes of an employee are shown in the figure below. Here Employee_id is a primary key which is used to uniquely identify each employee. Employee Employee_id Employee_address_id Employee_name Employee_phone Other_employee_details Figure : Entity (Employee) and its attributes Attributes of the customers are shown in the figure below. Here Customer_id is a primary key which is used to uniquely identify each customer. Customer customer_id payment_id customer_name Customer_address Sex customer_phone Date_of_birth Date_became_customer Figure : Entity (Customer) and its attributes Attributes of a booking is shown in the figure. Here booking_id is a primary key which is used to uniquely identify each booking by the customer. Customer_id is a foreign key which is mapped to Entity (customer) and outcome_code will provide information whether the booking is cancelled or not. Status_code field will give information whether status is confirmed or waiting, for the customer for particular booking. Booking booking_id customer_id Outcome_code Status_code date_of_booking Car_id Journey_code Booking_details Figure : Entity (booking) and its attributes Identified Relationships between Entities A relationship is an association among the entities. Relational database model represents the set of relationship of same type. Figure 4 shows the order relationship between a customer and booking. Customer customer_id payment_id customer_name Customer_address Sex customer_phone Date_of_birth Date_became_customer Booking booking_id customer_id Outcome_code Status_code date_of_booking Car_id Journey_code Booking_details order Figure : Relationship set of customer and booking Figure 4 represents the idea that a customer orders a booking for hiring a car or equivalently, a booking is ordered by the customer. Here the another question comes which is whether a customer can order more than one booking or whether booking can be ordered by more than one customer. The question raised is that of cardinality. In fact the example above depicts that customer can order zero or more booking and likewise, a booking may be ordered by zero or more customer. An arrow is used to connect the entities when one-to-one or one-to-many relationship is modelled. Below figure depicts how arrows are used to represent cardinality: One Many One One Many Many Figure : Cardinality In the previous example it is reasonable to expect that a customer can exist without having order a single booking, and conversely, that booking exist even though none have been ordered yet. Therefore none of the entities in an entity set may participate in a particular relationship is partial participation. In contrast to this, an entity set may participation in a relationship. Diagrammatically, this is represented by connecting the entity set to the relationship set with a double line. Figure 6 shows the relationship of an agent to a Late Travel agency which combines both cardinality and participation. It is clearly stated that Late Travel agency can employs zero or more agents, and that an agent must be employed by only Late Travel agency. Late Travel agency Employs Agent Figure : Cardinality and participation constraint Conceptual model A conceptual model is a modelling of concepts and relationship. This term is used from a long time in a database design. It is independent of DBMS and allows easy communication between end users and the developers. Below is the conceptual model of Late Travel showing the entities, attributes and there relationship. Customer customer_id payment_id Customer_name Customer_phone Customer_address Date_of_birth Sex Date_bacame_customer Booking booking_id customer_id car_id outcome_code status_code journey_code date_of_booking booking_detail Payment Payment_id booking_id payment_amount payment_date other_details Ref_booking_status Status_code Status_description (eg: confirmed/waiting) Ref_booking_outcome outcome_code outcome_description (eg: cancelled/ok) Car_details Car_id Driver_id Seats_avail Car_no Driver_details Driver_id Driver_name Driver_address Driver_phone Journey_details Journey_code Customer_id Place_name Renting_rate Other_details Order Goes for Makes has consist of has Consist of Figure : Conceptual model Above figure shows the conceptual model of Late Travel. The primary objective of the conceptual model is to establish a base understanding of the objects in the system. However it is necessary to create an association among different entities and select their multiplicity. Logical model Logical model represents the abstract structure of information. It is used to display the business process that seeks to capture the importance things usually in the form of a diagram. Some of the benefit of using the logical model is to improve the business process, facilitates reuse of data, gather functional information and decrease the system design cost and time. Figure 7 is already logical as it shows the attributes and relationship among the different entities. All attributes are appearing in a data store. Above diagram is showing the business entities, their inter-relationships, and the cardinality i.e. each customer can order one or more booking of a car for their journey and same way a booking can be ordered by one or more customers-these relationships can be viewed from both ends. Is database is storing the required data? In order to identify whether the database is storing the necessary data, following are the tasks that are needed to be performed in an iterative manner. Identify the entity type. Identify the attributes of the entity. Application of naming convention. Identify relationship among entities. Data model patterns need to be applied. Assign keys such as primary, unique and foreign key. To reduce data redundancy it should be normalized. All these tasks are being performed on this case study Late Travel (LT). Therefore required data is being stored in the database. And as it is already stated that above tasks are needed to be performed in an iterative manner, therefore it is a continuous process. Normalized E-R Model to 3NF Normalization is the way of ensuring that a relational database structure is free from insertion, update and deletion anomalies that might lead to loss of integrity of data. In 1970s E.F. Codd and his team at IBM introduced the concept of relational databases, proposed normalization through several normal forms. Below tables are assigned with the keys. Customer customer_id (PK) payment_id (FK) Customer_name Customer_phone Customer_address Date_of_birth Sex Date_bacame_customer Booking booking_id (PK) customer_id (FK) car_id (FK) outcome_code (FK) status_code (FK) journey_code (FK) date_of_booking booking_detail Payment Payment_id (PK) booking_id (FK) payment_amount payment_date other_details Ref_booking_status Status_code (PK) Status_description (eg: confirmed/waiting) Ref_booking_outcome outcome_code (PK) outcome_description (eg: cancelled/ok) Car_details Car_id (PK) Driver_id (FK) Seats_avail Car_no Driver_details Driver_id (PK) Driver_name Driver_address Driver_phone Journey_details Journey_code (PK) Customer_id (FK) Place_name Renting_rate Other_details Order Goes for Makes has consist of has Consist of Figure : Tables of Late Travel First Normal Form (1NF) A relational table X is in 1NF (First Normal form), if it meets certain set of criteria. This criterion ensures that each attribute is single-valued with atomic values. In other words table is free from repeating groups. Now if we check whether the logical model discussed above is in 1NF or not. Lets discuss the employee and customer table. Employee employee_id (PK) employee_address_id (FK) employee_name employee_phone other_employee_details Customer customer_id (PK) payment_id (FK) Customer_name Customer_phone Customer_address Date_of_birth Sex Date_became_customer Driver_details Driver_id (PK) Driver_name Driver_address Driver_phone Figure : Employee and customer table As 1NF says that there should be no repeating group but in this case phone number of employee or customer can be more than one. Therefore this relational table is not in first normal form e.g. Employee_id Employee_add_id Employee_name Employee_phone Other_emp_details 1 100 John 98787787, 8898987988 none 2 101 Steve 89898987,98989898 3 102 Mark 98989898898 Here, column employee_phone doesnt contains the atomic value therefore in order to make it 1NF separate entity such as customer_phone_num and employee_phone_num is needed to be defined. Employee employee_id (PK) employee_address_id (FK) employee_name other_employee_details Customer customer_id (PK) payment_id (FK) Customer_name Customer_address Date_of_birth Sex Date_became_customer Employee_phone employee_id (PK) phone_num Customer_phone customer_id (PK) phone_num Driver_details Driver_id (PK) Driver_name Driver_address Driver_phone Driver_phone driver_id (PK) phone_num Figure : Employee, customer and driver table Now all the tables are in First Normal Form as all the columns are having the atomic values. Second Normal Form (2NF) A relational table X is in Second Normal Form when table is in 1NF. A table that is in 1NF must meet the criteria to qualify for the second normal form. This criterion ensures that set of attributes X is functionally dependent on set of attributes Y. For instance, lets look at the booking table: Employee_id Employee_add_id Employee_name Employee_phone Other_emp_details 1 100 John 98787787, 8898987988 none 2 101 Steve 89898987,98989898 3 102 Mark 98989898898 Booking booking_id (PK) customer_id (FK) car_id (FK) outcome_code (FK) status_code (FK) journey_code (FK) date_of_booking booking_detail Figure : Booking table Booking_id Customer_id Car_id Outcome_code Status_code Journey_code Date_of_booking Booking_details 1 1001 100 1 3 2 24-Mar-10 2 1002 101 2 4 3 25-Mar-10 Here as we can see that, none of its non prime attributes are functionally dependent on a subset of a candidate key. Therefore the tables are already in second normal form. Following are the tables that are designed to store the information regarding customer, employees, car, journey and booking. These tables meet the criteria to be second normal form. Hence there is no need to alter the tables. Third Normal Form (3NF) A relation table X is in second normal form when every non prime attribute R is non-transitively dependent on every key of R. In other words a relationship database is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and no non-primary attribute is functionally dependent on another non primary key. Lets look at one of the table journey_details of Late Travel. Journey_details Journey_code (PK) Customer_id (FK) Place_name Renting_rate Other_details Figure : Journey table Journey_code Customer_id Place_name Renting_rate Other_details 001 331 Airport 500 002 332 Airport 500 Here as we can see that renting rate depends upon the place, therefore this table is not in third normal form. In order to make it in third normal form two separate tables or entities would be created- One containing the journey code, customer_id, place_id and other_details and the other containing the place_id, place_name and renting_rate. Below figure is showing the two tables: Journey_details Journey_code (PK) Customer_id (FK) Place_id (FK) Other_details Place_details Place_id (PK) Place_name Renting_rate Figure : Journey and place table Now the E-R model is normalized into third normal form (3NF). Now all the tables contain the atomic values and non primary attributes are functionally dependent on primary key. And lastly no non-primary key attribute is functionally dependent on another non-primary key. SQL Queries Below are the different SQL queries which will be mostly used during the management of Late Travel database. Query result is displayed and explained below: Select customer_name, customer_address, date_of_birth, sex, date_became_active from Customer WHERE Date_became_customer > 2010-01-01 Description: This query will display all the active customers since 1st Jan 2010. Why Needed: This query is important because it displays the list of new customers added from a particular date. Output: Expected Output is: customer_name customer_address date_of_birth sex date_became_active John 35, paris road 1988-09-06 male 2010-02-02 Smith 78, dahiya bhavan 1978-07-08 male 2010-03-04 David 109, green park 1980-08-08 male 2010-01-09 Select emp.employee_id ID, emp.employee_name Name, addr.address Address from Employee emp, emp_Address addr WHERE emp.employee_id = addr.employee_id Description: This query will display all the employees with their details. Why Needed: This query is important because it displays the list of all employees. It might possible that at any instance of time it is required to get the information about the employees working in Late Travel. Output: Expected Output is: ID Name Address 1 John 32 James park 2 Mark 45 green avenue 3 Steve 14 Vikas puri Select car.car_id ID, car.car_no Car No., driver.driver_name Driver Name, driver.driver_address Driver Address, FROM Car_details car, Driver_details driver WHERE car.driver_id = driver.driver_id Description: This query will display the information about the particular car like who is the driver, car number etc. Why Needed: This query is important because it is required to get the information about the particular car and the driver who is responsible of handling it. Output: Expected Output is: ID Car No Driver Name Driver Address 1 HGH 7678 Austin 23, Qutub Enclave 2 HKK 101 Preety 44, Hilton 3 NMN 420 Lisa 88, oberios Select * FROM Booking RIGHT JOIN Journey On Booking.customer_id =Journey.customer_id WHERE date_of_booking = 2010-03-24 Description: This query will display all the booking for 24 Mar 2010 with details of journey. Why Needed: This query is the basic one as it shows the booking for a particular date. It will display all the information related to booking for whether car is available or not or booking is confirmed or pending. Output: Expected Output is: Booking_id Customer_id Car_id Outcome_code Status_code Journey_code Date_of_booking Booking_details Journey_code Place_name Other_details 1 1001 100 1 3 2 24-Mar-10 001 Airport 2 1002 101 2 4 3 24-Mar-10 002 Airport Critical Reflection Whether we use a file or relational database, depends on the nature of the data and how we conceptualize it. There are some major problems and issues arise during the development of the database majorly of data integrity, performance and flexibility. Normally many of the people result into development of database which contains redundant data or insertion, deletion and modification anomalies. In order to understand the normal form, four terms that must be understood are: Dependency Key Domain and Restriction Designing of database plays an important role in integrity and reliability of the data, therefore it is necessary to carefully inspect the database structure, entities and their relationship. Conclusion A database is designed for Late Travel (LT) which is used to store the information related to employee, customer, journey, payment, car and driver details. A conceptual and E-R diagram is developed based on the above case study, showing the relationship among different entities. All the tables are normalized into the third normal form and then the set of queries are fired to show the retrieval of information from database.

The Iraqi War Essay -- Papers Opinion Argumentative War Terrorism

The Iraqi War This is a discursive essay for the argument against America going to war with Iraq. In this essay, I will briefly include a summary about Iraq and go on to give evidence about previous incidents and other significant points that finally led to the war. Iraq is a dictatorship that was under the rule of the tyrant Saddam Hussein until the coalition forces invaded and toppled the Iraqi regime. Saddam Hussein officially became a dictator in the year 1979. Since then, he has caused many disruptions and has terribly ruled Iraq. Saddam was supported by the military of Iraq and he was a really brutal man. The people of Iraq were tortured and murdered under this dictator. There was a time where Saddam was interested in developing weapons to fight against other countries. At that time, Iraq did not have close links with neighbouring countries such as Iran. Saddam Hussein then saw Iran as a slightly vulnerable country and started a conflict with its neighbour. Hisorically, there were differences between Iraq and Iran. These differences can be seen in religious matters, border disputes and politics. These led to animosity between the two countries which heightened during the rule of Saddam Hussein. Fortunately, the war was ended in 1988. Since then, Saddam had an interest in developing what is known as "weapons of mass destruction". These weapons can exist as chemical, biological or nuclear weapons. Somewhere in the middle of the year 1990, Iraqis accused Kuwait of stealing their oil and selling it at low prices, thus damaging the Iraqi economy. Iraq then went on to invade Kuwait on August the 2nd, 1990. This most un... ...sualties of the war, some innocent civilians. Until now, there were no weapons of mass destruction found in Iraq. President Bush took drastic action on Iraq without any reason. There were not also complete backing from the international community to proceed in this war. Going to war is not a very democratic decision and America should have tried other civilised ways to deal with Iraq. America's plans were to go in and find weapons of mass destruction and to get rid of the Iraqi regime. They did not need to go to war to do this. The war claimed many lives of civilians and soldiers and over $93 billion spent. This money could be used for better purposes such as helping poor countries and funding useful projects. Fortunately, the leader of the regime, Saddam Hussien was finally captured later in early December 2003.

Reading a Book or Watching Its Adaptation: Which Is Better?

Reading a book or watching its adaptation:  Which  is better? When a film is made from a book, it is called  Ã‚  an adaptation. From the beginning, film-makers have  made films based on novels, short stories, biographies and plays;  of these adaptations,  Ã‚  novels  have always been the most popular choice (Difference). And what are the main differences between books and adaptations? Films have limited time, whereas books can be lengthy, so books can develop more of a plot and characterization.A classic complaint about movie versions concerns the omission of material that the reader finds important. If the director must make a film that is the proper length for a theatrical release, there is no way to include everything, especially when it comes from a long novel. Some people consider this an advantage of adaptations; others, on the contrary, find it a great disadvantage. Here are two opinions of people discussing Peter Jackson’s Fellowship of the Ring in the co mments on â€Å"WiseGEEK† website.Anon272367 writes: â€Å"Imagine, for example, a â€Å"Fellowship of the Ring† [sic] movie that covered every single damn detail in the book. Trust me when I say this: I wouldn't watch it† (Better). His opponent, anon260109, writes: â€Å"Jackson's ear was deaf to Tolkien's elaborately crafted back story of ancient mysteries and he threw away their music, not realising that the books are unlike any other fantasy novel in that they were written by a man who constructed them on an intimate knowledge of the Old English language, mythology and storytelling† (Better).One more difference is that books require the reader to use his or her imagination to visualize what is happening while films normally visualize it for the viewer. Films leave little to viewers' imaginations. When reading, a person is creating his or her own movie in a sense, and he or she decides many of the important parts: how the characters speak, what they lo ok like, and what their surroundings look like. Hr30 expresses the same opinion: â€Å"Often when a writer uses description, the way I imagined it is far different to the way it is interpreted in the film.I think the beauty of books is that you can develop your own way of thinking about them, whereas often (though not always) a film directs you into one way of thinking† (Prefer). Films have one thing that is a book cannot: sound. Music, environmental sounds and sound effects make adaptations thrilling and interesting. Even some boring (in my personal opinion) episodes from books, such as battles of war, look fascinating in films. There is no right answer to the question stated in the title of this text, and there is no common opinion.There are people who prefer books; for example lou1987 wrote the following: â€Å"I prefer the books. I suppose, [sic] one of the main reasons is that the books are what the films are based on, and so contain far more detail than can ever be por trayed in a film. Also, films present to you what is happening visually, and for me, I prefer to read a book and create the setting and build characters in my head† (Prefer). Some people, though there are few of them, choose films. Anon122072 writes: â€Å"i [sic] think movies are better because it's easier with a visual aid† (Better).But the majority of people like both books and their adaptations. Anon272367: â€Å"Reading for me is not more enjoyable than watching a movie. They are on 100 percent equal footing. Why would anyone ever in a million years walk into a theater and expect a similar experience to opening a book? It's foolish to expect them to be the same† (Better). Sometimes people who prefer books admit that there are good adaptations: â€Å"I guess what I’m trying to say is that sometimes  movies  do  get it right.There are quite a few examples that fall into this category: The  Wizard of Oz,  The Lord of the Rings, and  Gone Wit h the Wind  are ones that spring to mind† (Page). To my mind, books are better than films because watching a movie is almost always a passive experience, so there is far less thought process involved. I like closing the book and thinking about the problems it deals with. Don't get me wrong; I love watching movies, but nine times out of ten, watching movie adaptations is disappointing. Sometimes it is bad to read a book before watching its adaptation, but it is even worse to read after you’ve watched  the movie.So I still read books and watch adaptations and try to find something good in every version. Works Cited 1) â€Å"Book Adaptations: From the Page to the Big Screen. † Bookosaur. Web. 17 Nov. 2012 ;http://www. thebookosaur. com/2012/01/book-adaptations-from-the-page-to-the-big-screen/; 2) â€Å"Books vs. Movie Adaptations – which do you prefer? † The Student Room. Web. 17 Nov. 2012 ;http://www. thestudentroom. co. uk/showthread. php? t =198 2240; 3) â€Å"What is the difference between books and films? † Kvenno Web. 17 Nov.

Breast Feeding Essays

Breast Feeding Essays Breast Feeding Paper Breast Feeding Paper The first decision a new mother has to make is how to feed her newborn. Although many professional groups support breastfeeding as the best choice for babies, deciding to breastfeed or bottle-feed a baby is usually based on a mother’s comfort level as well as her standard of living. Because of medical or other reasons, even though breast milk is the ideal food for infants, many mothers still opt for formula feeding. Infant formulas have been developed to duplicate human milk but there are no formulas that are an exact replacement for human milk. ADVANTAGES OF BREAST FEEDING: Breast milk is best for babies. The American Association of Pediatrics (AAP) and other medical groups have always been urging mothers to breast feed their babies. Human infants deserve human milk and it meets all the required nutrients needed by infants. A baby will triple his or her weight during the first year of life, and a vast majority will come from the milk they drink.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Breast milk has numerous nutritional advantages. The amount of amino acids, sugars, vitamins, and lactose are just right for the digestion, growth and development of the baby. It is often called the â€Å"perfect food† for the baby’s digestive system. Its components are just right for the baby’s immature system.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Breast feeding is economical. It is the least expensive way to feed an infant. Although the mother has to eat nutritious food and continue to take vitamins, it is still inexpensive compared to buying formula milk. Mothers can save money and still provide the best nourishment for her baby.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nursing helps most mothers lose weight after delivery, as more calories are used by breastfeeding each day.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Emotionally, nursing mothers experience an extra closeness with her baby. Nursing can have psychological benefits for the infant. The baby enjoys a sense of security from the warmth and presence of the mother, and the skin-to-skin contact creates a different kind of bonding between the mother and the infant.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Breast feeding is readily available for the baby at any hour of the day and night. Even if the mother is resting or sleeping, there is no need to get up, measure and mix drinks. There is also no bottle to sterilize.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although not very reliable, nursing prevents early ovulation in nursing mothers, making it less likely for the mother to menstruate, ovulate, and get pregnant.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Working mothers can still give the best nutrients for their baby by using a breast pump to collect breast milk and placed in bottles to be given to their babies when they get hungry. LIMITATIONS;  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A mother’s nipples may get sore or cracked in the first few weeks and can be painful, especially when the breasts are full of milk.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nursing the baby will affect the mother’s lifestyle. She should wear clothes that will enable her to breastfeed at any time of the day. Others may express concern at having to feed their babies in public.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since breast milk is easily digested, the babies are always in constant demand for milk. Some mothers feel tied down by the frequent demands. WHEN FORMULA MILK IS NECESSARY Formula milk is necessary when mothers are afflicted with viruses such as HIV, herpes and Hepatitis and other infections that can be transmitted through breast milk. Common illnesses like colds, cough, flu, and skin infections can not be transmitted. In fact, breast milk contains antibodies that will protect the baby from those same illnesses. Given the facts stated above, one would recommend to any mothers the use of breast feeding to their babies. The advantages outweigh the disadvantages and the limitations are manageable. THE ABILITY OF CHILDREN WHO WERE BREAST FED TO FIGHT INFECTIONS: A survey was designed using 100 children, ranging from 2 years old and below. Of these, 50 children were breast fed for 6-12 months and 50 children were formula fed. Interviews were done on mothers of these 100 babies. Their health records, their height and weight charts from the time they were born were also studied. Upon completion of the survey, it was concluded that most of the babies who were breast fed were brought to their pediatrician only for vaccinations, minor colds and flu. While those who were formula fed have frequent visits to their pediatrician. In front of a group of expectant mothers, convincing them would be the primary goal. These data will be presented to them and it will prove that those babies who were breast fed have higher antibody levels than those who were formula fed. They have higher resistance and lower rate of illness. REFERENCE Williams, R.D. (1995, October). Breast-feeding best bet for babies. FDA Consumer Magazine. fda.gov/fdac/features/895_brstfeed.html Accessed 20February 2008.

Heat and Temperature Essay Example

Heat and Temperature Essay Example Heat and Temperature Essay Heat and Temperature Essay Heat and Temperature Heat is often described by the average individual as being the change in temperature from hot to cold. â€Å"Often the concepts of heat and temperature are thought to be the same, but they are not. † Heat and Temperature, para. 2) Perhaps the reasoning behind the incorrect reasoning is that humans associate the two together because when heat is applied to an object the temperature rises. The kinetic theory of matter better explains the underlying cause as to what takes place when heat is being examined. To examine the heat capacity of a substance various properties exist, along with different forms of heat. When thought about, everyone has been exposed to heat in some type of way but never even question what has to happen in order to encounter that sensation. The textbook states that â€Å"the term heat is used to describe the â€Å"something† that moves between objects when two objects of different temperatures are brought together. ’ ( Tillery , Bill W. , Enger, Eldon D. , Ross, Fredrick C. p. 82) Temperature on the other hand, can be defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of an object. The two are related due to the fact that heat is energy and temperature is basically a number used to determine the energy given by the molecules within a substance, which directly relates to the kinetic energy. The kinetic theory of matter and heat coincide with each other because the theory states that all materials are made up of either particles, molecules or atoms that are constantly moving. As to which when heat is displayed it is said that thermal energy is being transferred from a higher temperature to a lower one, meaning that particles have basically started to speed up. The idea of heat and temperature may seem very complex, but only because it happens so fast that most individuals do not even have a clue as to what is causing the reaction that they get when they raise the temperature in order to get heat. There are many differences between heat and temperature, though they are related to one another, the concept is totally different. Heat is the movement of energy within a molecule, where as temperature is the measure of the average movement within a molecule. The energy of heat depends upon the speed, type, and number of particles and temperature does not. For instance, you can have a large cup of hot chocolate and small cup of hot chocolate, the temperature of both may be the same but since one contains more than the other the one that contains the most will have more heat and thus more thermal energy. If heat is added then the temperature will rise, if the heat is taken away then the temperature will fall. Also if two objects have different temperatures and they are placed in contact with each other a transfer of energy takes place until they both end up with the same temperature. So the way that they differ is the mere fact that temperature is not energy but a measure of it. Energy is heat. † (Heat versus temperature, 2011, para. 5) Heat capacity is the measure of an objects ability to hold heat. The various properties of a substance that determine its heat capacity is temperature change, mass and substance. Temperature change relates to heat capacity because it deals with the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature. The other aspect that deals with heat capacity is the amount of mass in an object, which is the amount of matter that there is in an object. The bigger the mass of an object is the more heat it would need to lose or gather for the temperature to change. The substance also determines the heat capacity because it’s basically addressing what the object is made out of, and not all things need the same amount of loss or gain of heat to change temperatures. Although these are only properties, there are still various sources of heat. They include conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction is the transfer of solids from the collision of molecules. Convection deals with only liquids and gases moving them from one position to another. Radiation in turn, is the energy that moves through space. Radiant energy unlike conduction and convection does not rely on a heat object or source. To conclude, it is safe to say that heat involves a lot more than what appears to the human eye. Heat and temperature do have a relationship but they are two different aspects of the same matter. The kinetic theory is able to sum up a lot of the misconception that has been learned concerning the two but the things that are not covered can be determined by the roperties and the sources. Overall, heat and temperature are a very interesting topic and although used frequently in day to day life many never take the time to understand it. References http://zonalandeducation. com/mstm/physics/mechanics/energy/heatAndTemperature/heatAndTemperature. html Tillery, Bill W. , Enger, Eldon, D. , Ross, Frederick C. 2009. Integrated Science, Fourth Edition http://coo lcosmos. ipac. caltech. edu/cosmic_classroom/light_lessons/thermal/differ. html